Selecting the hologenome to breed for an improved feed efficiency in pigs—A novel selection index

Most traits in animal breeding, including feed efficiency traits in pigs, are affected by many genes with small effect and have a moderately high heritability between 0.1 and 0.5, which enables efficient selection. Since the microbiota composition in the gastrointestinal tract is also partly heritable and was shown to have a substantial effect on feed efficiency, the host genes affect the phenotype not only directly by altering metabolic pathways, but also indirectly by changing the microbiota composition. The effect of the microbiota composition on the breeding value of an animal is the conditional expectation of its breeding value, given the vector with microbiota frequencies, that is The breeding value of an animal can therefore be decomposed into a heritable contribution that arises from an altered microbiota composition and a heritable contribution that arises from altered metabolic pathways within the animal, so Instead of selecting for breeding value , an index comprising the two components and with appropriate weights, that is , can be used. The present study shows how this breeding strategy can be applied in pig genomic selection breeding scheme for two feed efficiency traits and daily gain.     

栅藻B38营养成分分析及蛋白质营养价值评价

对栅藻B38的营养成分进行了全面分析,结果表明,栅藻藻粉中油脂含量14%,总糖含量13.86%,粗纤维3.52%,灰分4.28%,蛋白质49.0%,为高蛋白质类微藻。栅藻B38中含有23种脂肪酸。栅藻B38中氨基酸总量为852.58 mg/g,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的47.45%,必需氨基酸指数为85.42%。两种模式的氨基酸比值系数分较接近,均在65以上;待评价物质的氨基酸品质与模式蛋白的贴近度接近1(0.93和0.88)。栅藻B38中共检测出23种矿物质元素,其中钠、钾、钙、镁、铁、铝含量较为丰富。重金属的含量均低于国家食品卫生标准。栅藻B38中维生素B3(106.02 mg/100 g)和维生素E(540.77 mg/100 g)的量较高。综上,栅藻B38的营养较丰富,可以进一步开发利用。     

基于AHP-CRITIC复合加权法评价不同发育期苦水玫瑰品质

运用AHP-CRITIC复合加权法评价不同发育期苦水玫瑰的品质。以不同发育期的苦水玫瑰为研究对象,测定总多糖、总黄酮、总多酚含量及抗氧化活性,采用AHP-CRITIC复合加权法综合评价不同发育期苦水玫瑰的品质。结果发现抗氧化IC50、总黄酮、总多酚、总多糖4个指标成分的复合权重分别为0.294 1、0.152 3、0.158 8、0.394 8;幼蕾期、花蕾期、盛开期苦水玫瑰质量综合评分分别为54.362 0、38.451 9、33.801 9,即幼蕾期苦水玫瑰的质量最好,花蕾期次之,盛开期较差。说明通过化学成分和生物活性作用综合评价不同发育期苦水玫瑰的品质,幼蕾期苦水玫瑰品质最好。     

Effect of chlorogenic acid on intestinal inflammation,antioxidant status,and microbial community of young hens challenged with acute heat stress

Heat stress in poultry is deleterious to productive performance. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) exerts antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplemental CGA on the intestinal health and cecal microbiota composition of young hens challenged with acute heat stress. 100-day-old Hy-line brown pullets were randomly divided into four groups. The control group (C) and heat stress group (HS) received a basal diet. HS + CGA₃₀₀ group and HS + CGA₆₀₀ group received a basal diet supplemented with 300- and 600-mg/kg CGA, respectively, for 2 weeks before heat stress exposure. Pullets of HS, HS + CGA₃₀₀, and HS + CGA₆₀₀ group were exposed to 38°C for 4 h while the control group was maintained at 25°C. In this study, dietary CGA supplementation had effect on mitigate the decreased T-AOC and T-SOD activities and the increasing of IL-1β and TNFα induced by acute heat stress. Dietary supplementation with 600 mg/kg CGA had better effect on increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial genera, such as Rikenellaceae RC9_gut_group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, and Christensenellaceae R-7_group, and deceasing bacteria genera involved in inflammation, such as Sutterella species. Therefore, CGA can ameliorate acute heat stress damage through suppressing inflammation and improved antioxidant capacity and cecal microbiota composition.     

黄斑篮子鱼幼鱼适宜投喂频率的研究

为探明黄斑篮子鱼(Siganus oramin)幼鱼适宜投喂频率,选择体重为(1.80±0.08)g的幼鱼进行养殖试验。试验设计5个组(F1、F2、F3、F4、F5组),投喂频率分别为1(06:00),2(06:00、18:00),3(06:00、12:00、18:00),4(06:00、10:00、14:00、18:00)和5次/d(06:00、09:00、12:00、15:00、18:00),每组设3个平行,共计15个养殖桶,每桶随机放50尾试验鱼。试验观察不同投喂频率下黄斑篮子鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用、形体指标、肌肉成分及肠道消化酶活性的变化情况。试验周期为60 d。结果显示:1)各组试验鱼终末体重、增重率、摄食率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率均随投喂频率增加呈上升趋势,F3、F4、F5组终末体重、增重率和特定生长率显著高于F1、F2组(P<0.05),饲料系数显著低于F1、F2组(P<0.05),3组间差异不显著(P>0.05);其中F3组饲料系数最低,蛋白质效率最高。2)F3、F4、F5组肝体指数显著低于F2组(P<0.05),脏体指数显著低于F1、F2组(P<0.05),各组间肥满度差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)随着投喂频率的增加,试验鱼肌肉中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量逐渐上升,水分含量逐渐下降,F3、F4、F5组肌肉中粗脂肪、粗灰分含量显著高于F1组(P<0.05),水分含量显著低于F1、F2组(P<0.05),3组间上述指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。4)各组肠道中胃蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性随投喂频率增加呈下降趋势,胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性先降后升,F1、F2组各消化酶活性显著高于F3、F4、F5组(P<0.05),F3、F4、F5组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合上述指标并考虑养殖成本,建议黄斑篮子鱼幼鱼适宜投喂频率为3次/d。     

黄土高原人工灌草系统不同立地条件土壤种子库特征

本研究通过野外调查取样与室内试验相结合，连续两年对黄土高原人工灌草系统不同坡向、坡位进行取样，以期对该区土壤种子库的物种组成、密度特征及其物种多样性进行初步了解。研究结果表明：该人工灌草生态系统土壤种子库共有9科，15种，其组成因坡位、坡向以及年份而异；坡向、坡位均显著影响土壤种子库物种多样性指数、丰富度指数与土壤种子库密度（P<0.05），土壤种子库密度为3 218～5 492粒·m^-2，总体呈现为阴坡显著高于阳坡（P<0.05），下坡位显著高于上坡位（P<0.05）；坡位和坡向均对物种均匀性系数无显著影响；年份对土壤种子库无显著影响。上述研究可为黄土高原人工灌草系统的可持续利用与恢复提供参考依据。     

微生物菌群培养组学在动物医学中的应用

实验室条件下可培养的微生物约占自然界中微生物总数的1%，这限制了人们对99%未知微生物的认识和利用，而研究表明，那些“不可培养的微生物”是可以被开发和利用的，未能被纯培养的微生物才是未知微生物的主体。微生物培养组学探索利用多种培养条件和长时间的培养，结合基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法（MALDI-TOF-MS）和16S核糖体RNA（rRNA）测序可以大规模鉴定各种微生物，同时利用全基因组测序和宏基因组测序手段对未知微生物进行深入分析。本文综述了国内外近年来微生物菌群培养组学在反刍动物胃肠道、禽类盲肠及家畜鼻腔微生物菌群研究中的最新进展，探讨将动物体内菌群培养组学方法应用于动物疾病防治领域的可行性。作为一个新兴的研究方法，尽管该培养组学还存在一些不够成熟的方面，但它的发展前景十分广阔，微生物菌群培养组学方法和其他研究方法的互补已经逐渐成为发展兽医微生物学新的突破口。     

轮状病毒感染肠上皮细胞激活宿主先天免疫研究进展

轮状病毒(RV)是引起婴幼儿、幼畜禽急性肠胃炎的人畜共患病原,常与其他病原体混合感染,多以呕吐,严重水样腹泻,脱水为临床症状,感染后具有较高病死率,对人类公共卫生以及养殖业造成极大危害。RV病原相关分子模式(PAMP)可被肠上皮细胞(IECs)中一组可遗传的模式识别受体(PRR)识别,通过IECs、先天免疫细胞与RV互作,激活细胞内信号级联,从而迅速诱导炎症和多种抗病毒基因表达。论文就轮状病毒特性、肠道先天免疫等方面进行综述,探讨RV感染宿主IECs后诱导不同抗病毒信号通路,为利用先天免疫途径预防轮状病毒感染提供了一定的参考。